Geography Gradation Test Review.

Geography 12: gradation test

The test will have a couple of diagrams, a short answer section, a paragraph section, a true/false section and a case study that you will apply the geographic thinking concepts to.  With regard to glaciation and river systems the test will focus on these in a more general fashion with regard to gradation and be more in depth with the forces of gradation that you have not been tested on.

General vocab:  

gradation, load, deposition, erosion, transport, base level

Weathering:

Mechanical Weathering   physical weathering  chemical  weathering      frost shattering Sedimentation    pingo   differential weathering thermal expansion  oxidization  hydrolysis  exfoliation  sheeting

Glaciation:	River:	Mass wasting
U & V shaped valley Glacier Hanging glacier/valley Moraine (terminal, lateral etc) Isostasy              drumlins Abrasion             erratics Finger lakes    outwash plane Drumlins             esker Kames               icefall Kettles               cirque Arete                  col Horn                   skerries Alpine glaciation Continental glaciation	Delta Flow velocity Solution Suspension saltation	Mass wasting Solifluction Angle of repose Soil creep Slope failure

Aeolian	karst	Coastal
Wadis                   aeolian Pedestals Balancing rocks Arches Erg Barchan dunes Start dunes Transverse dunes Parabolic dunes Longitudinal dunes	doline/sink hole   column/pillar Stalactite Stalactite Rock curtain Cave Spelunking Limestone, gypsum, dolomite Karst Gryk                   impermeable	Tombolo               arches Beach                  gorge Sandspit               fjord Longshore drift     cave Sandbars             coves Cliffs                     bay Coves                  tide Dunes            wave refraction Stacks                headland Stump             blowhole Emergent coastline Submergent coastline

Helpful hints and questions:

Be able to differentiate between erosional and depositional features for all processes of gradation that we have discussed:  glaciation, mass wasting, river systems, karst, coastal landscapes, aeolian landscapes, weathering.

Be ready to label diagrams of either coastal, karst or aeolian landscapes.There will be a case study to ready and apply the Geographic thinking concepts (know these concepts:  

• Geographic Significance 
• Evidence and Interpretation 
• Patterns and Change/Trends 
• Interactions and Associations
• Cause & Consequence
• Sense of Place /Geographic Perspective
• Geographic Value Judgements 

Coastal Landscape Questions to consider:

Explain how longshore drift works. What role does it play in shaping coastal landscapes? How do waves impact/shape coastal landscapes?

Aeolian Landscape questions to consider:

What are aeolian processes, and how do they differ from other geomorphological processes? Describe how sand dunes are formed. What factors influence their shape and size? Identify and describe the different types of sand dunes and what conditions lead to the formation of each type? Explain how wind contributes to both erosion and deposition in aeolian environments. Provide examples of landforms created by each process. How does vegetation influence aeolian processes?

Karst Topography questions to consider:

Define karst topography and explain how it forms. Describe the types of bedrock most commonly associated with karst landscapes. Why are these rocks particularly vulnerable to karst processes? Explain the role of chemical weathering, specifically dissolution, in the development of karst features.

Weathering Questions to consider:

Define weathering and explain how it differs from erosion. List and describe the three main types of weathering: physical (mechanical), chemical Explain how freeze-thaw weathering occurs and describe one example of where this might be common. Describe oxidation as a form of chemical weathering. Provide an example of how oxidation can change the appearance of rocks. How does climate affect the rate and type of weathering in an area?

Mass Wasting Questions to consider:

Define mass wasting and explain how it differs from other types of erosion. Describe the role of gravity in mass wasting. What is the angle of repose, and how does it affect the stability of a slope? How does slope angle influence the likelihood of mass wasting? Explain how water content affects the stability of slopes. Describe how vegetation can stabilize slopes and prevent mass wasting. How can human activities, such as deforestation, construction, and mining, increase the risk of mass wasting? Describe several methods used to prevent or reduce the impact of mass wasting, such as retaining walls, drainage systems, and slope grading. Discuss the potential long-term impacts of mass wasting on a river system located downstream from a landslide-prone area.